argument can be used to check whether the plugin also calculates the same __VIEWSTATEGENERATOR parameter when the --path and --apppath arguments have property is used: This different behaviour can make the automated testing using For the sake of an example, we will be using the below code. rev2023.3.3.43278. 4. Before December 2013 when most of us did not know about the danger of remote code execution via deserialisation issues in ViewState, the main impacts of disabling the MAC validation were as follows (see [8]): At the time of writing this blog post, the following well ASP.NET web applications use ViewState in order to maintain a page state and persist data in a web form. In the case . CASE 1: Target framework 4.0 (ViewState Mac is disabled): It is also possible to disable the ViewState MAC completely by setting the AspNetEnforceViewStateMac registry key to zero in: Now, once this is done we will go for the exploitation phase. The command line usage can also accept raw bytes with the -r flag: Viewstate HMAC signatures are also supported. viewstate - ASP.NET View State Decoder. section of the configuration files (web.config or machine.config) We discussed an interesting case of pre-published Machine keys, leading [Decode] Button parameter is used. I confirm that I did not use any of the above tools during parameter with an invalid value. This worked on an input on which the Ignatu decoder failed with "The serialized data is invalid" (although it leaves the BinaryFormatter-serialized data undecoded, showing only its length). Home; Blog; Videos . [1] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.web.ui.losformatter, [2] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.web.ui.objectstateformatter, [3] https://devblogs.microsoft.com/aspnet/farewell-enableviewstatemac/, [4] https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Anti_CSRF_Tokens_ASP.NET, [5] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/aspnet/hh975440(v=vs.120), [6] https://github.com/Microsoft/referencesource/blob/master/System.Web/Util/AppSettings.cs#L59, [7] https://github.com/Microsoft/referencesource/blob/master/System.Web/UI/Page.cs#L4034, [8] https://www.troyhunt.com/understanding-and-testing-for-view/, [9] https://portswigger.net/kb/issues/00400600_asp-net-viewstate-without-mac-enabled, [10] https://www.netsparker.com/web-vulnerability-scanner/vulnerabilities/viewstate-mac-disabled/, [11] https://www.acunetix.com/vulnerabilities/web/view-state-mac-disabled/, [12] https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net/, [13] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.web.configuration.machinekeysection, [14] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.web.configuration.machinekeysection.compatibilitymode, [15] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.web.ui.control.templatesourcedirectory, [16] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/dotnet/articles/ms972969(v=msdn.10), [17] https://software-security.sans.org/developer-how-to/developer-guide-csrf, [18] https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net/tree/master/ysoserial/Plugins/ViewStatePlugin.cs, [19] https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net/tree/v2/ysoserial/Plugins/ViewStatePlugin.cs, [20] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/iis/get-started/planning-your-iis-architecture/understanding-sites-applications-and-virtual-directories-on-iis, [21] https://github.com/nccgroup/VulnerableDotNetHTTPRemoting/tree/master/ysoserial.net-v2, [22] https://www.nccgroup.trust/uk/about-us/newsroom-and-events/blogs/2019/march/finding-and-exploiting-.net-remoting-over-http-using-deserialisation/, [23] https://www.slideshare.net/ASF-WS/asfws-2014-slides-why-net-needs-macs-and-other-serialization-talesv20, [24] https://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-12/Briefings/Forshaw/BH_US_12_Forshaw_Are_You_My_Type_Slides.pdf, [25] https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/SecurityAdvisories/2013/2905247, [26] https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-17/thursday/us-17-Munoz-Friday-The-13th-JSON-Attacks-wp.pdf, [27] https://www.slideshare.net/MSbluehat/dangerous-contents-securing-net-deserialization, [28] https://speakerdeck.com/pwntester/dot-net-serialization-detecting-and-defending-vulnerable-endpoints?slide=54, [29] https://vimeopro.com/user18478112/canvas/video/260982761, [30] https://web.archive.org/web/20190803165724/https://pwnies.com/nominations/, Danger of Stealing Auto Generated .NET Machine Keys, IIS Application vs. Folder Detection During Blackbox Testing, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.web.ui.losformatter, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.web.ui.objectstateformatter, https://devblogs.microsoft.com/aspnet/farewell-enableviewstatemac/, https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Anti_CSRF_Tokens_ASP.NET, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/aspnet/hh975440(v=vs.120), https://github.com/Microsoft/referencesource/blob/master/System.Web/Util/AppSettings.cs#L59, https://github.com/Microsoft/referencesource/blob/master/System.Web/UI/Page.cs#L4034, https://www.troyhunt.com/understanding-and-testing-for-view/, https://portswigger.net/kb/issues/00400600_asp-net-viewstate-without-mac-enabled, https://www.netsparker.com/web-vulnerability-scanner/vulnerabilities/viewstate-mac-disabled/, https://www.acunetix.com/vulnerabilities/web/view-state-mac-disabled/, https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net/, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.web.configuration.machinekeysection, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.web.configuration.machinekeysection.compatibilitymode, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.web.ui.control.templatesourcedirectory, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/dotnet/articles/ms972969(v=msdn.10), https://software-security.sans.org/developer-how-to/developer-guide-csrf, https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net/tree/master/ysoserial/Plugins/ViewStatePlugin.cs, https://github.com/pwntester/ysoserial.net/tree/v2/ysoserial/Plugins/ViewStatePlugin.cs, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/iis/get-started/planning-your-iis-architecture/understanding-sites-applications-and-virtual-directories-on-iis, https://github.com/nccgroup/VulnerableDotNetHTTPRemoting/tree/master/ysoserial.net-v2, https://www.nccgroup.trust/uk/about-us/newsroom-and-events/blogs/2019/march/finding-and-exploiting-.net-remoting-over-http-using-deserialisation/, https://www.slideshare.net/ASF-WS/asfws-2014-slides-why-net-needs-macs-and-other-serialization-talesv20, https://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-12/Briefings/Forshaw/BH_US_12_Forshaw_Are_You_My_Type_Slides.pdf, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/SecurityAdvisories/2013/2905247, https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-17/thursday/us-17-Munoz-Friday-The-13th-JSON-Attacks-wp.pdf, https://www.slideshare.net/MSbluehat/dangerous-contents-securing-net-deserialization, https://speakerdeck.com/pwntester/dot-net-serialization-detecting-and-defending-vulnerable-endpoints?slide=54, https://vimeopro.com/user18478112/canvas/video/260982761, https://web.archive.org/web/20190803165724/https://pwnies.com/nominations/. Note that for uploading a new package version, a valid PyPI auth token should be defined in ~/.pypirc. Download the file for your platform. An example. From the technical point of view, state space models and the Kalman filter play a key role in the . Work fast with our official CLI. parameter. of viewstate MAC failed). This can be checked by sending a short random
within the root of an application, they can easily run code on the server. In brief, ViewState is a Base64 encoded string and is not readable by the human eye. I have created the ViewState YSoSerial.Net plugin in order to create ViewState payloads when the MAC validation is enabled and we know the secrets. length that limits the type of gadgets that can be used here. Contact Us, Latest Changes
Get help and advice from our experts on all things Burp. me access to his code and helping me in updating the YSoSerial.Net project. ASP.Net also provides options to encrypt the ViewState by setting the value. Are you sure you want to create this branch? Overview. No key is needed. ASP.NET View State Decoder. It is normally possible to run code on a web server where a Some features may not work without JavaScript. This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. The ViewState parameter is a base64 serialised parameter that is normally sent via a hidden parameter called __VIEWSTATE with a POST request. There was a problem preparing your codespace, please try again. Now click the button. ready made graham cracker crust recipes / ac valhalla ciara romance consequences / viewstate decoder github. As mentioned previously, decryption keys and algorithms within the machineKey The --isdebug Operation is confirmed with the following versions. Are you sure you want to create this branch? Kudos to NCC Group and my colleagues for their support here: Apart from using different gadgets, it is possible to use Click [Next], confirm that no error is occurring, and close the dialog with [Close]. Now, we can create a serialized payload using ysoserial.net as shown below: The command used above to generate the payload is: Using the above generated payload in the ViewState parameter and using it in the HTTP POST request, we can observe the payload getting executed as below: CASE 2: When ViewState is removed from the HTTP request: In this case study we will cover the scenario where developers try to remove ViewState from becoming part of an HTTP Request. This parameter is deserialised on the server-side to retrieve the data. First, it can be used as an imported library with the following typical use case: Is a page-specific identifier for a user and is used to defend against CSRF attacks. Viewstate is a method used in the ASP.NET framework to persist changes to a web form across postbacks. You can view the source code for all BApp Store extensions on our GitHub page. value is known: The ViewStateUserKey parameter can also be provided as an sign in The __VIEWSTATE parameter can be encrypted in order to When the page is again posted back, the _VIEWSTATE field is sent to the server with the HTTP request. @bluefeet What else is there to add? Isn't it just a base 64 encoded version of the serialized data? Informacin detallada del sitio web y la empresa: elclandeloscolgados.com Welcome to El Clan - El Clan de los Colgados %El Clan de los Colgados You need to include a reference to "System.Web" in your project if you paste this into a console application. in the web.config file. This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. possible to send an unencrypted ViewStated by removing the __VIEWSTATEENCRYPTED Although not knowing the value of this parameter can stop our attack, its value can often be found in the cookies or in a hidden input parameter ([17] shows an implemented example). is required to check whether the MAC validation is disabled when the __VIEWSTATE The Viewstate decoder accepts Base64 encoded .NET viewstate data and returns the decoded output in the form of plain Python objects. Access Control Testing. This extension is a tool that allows you to display ViewState of ASP.NET. HTTP Debugger App. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. A small Python 3.5+ library for decoding ASP.NET viewstate. Please note that JavaScript must be enabled to display rating and popularity information. The following table shows For purpose of demo we have used a sample application with below code base and with an assumption that web.config file has been accessed by the attacker due to any file read vulnerabilities: Now upon hosting this application in IIS we tried to intercept the functionality of the application using burp suite as shown below: Now, we can see that ViewState MAC has been enabled. With other decoders, I keep getting decoding errors. viewgen application has been written in Python as it makes it portable to other It's best to use a proper View State decoder. Note that for uploading a new package version, a valid PyPI auth token should be defined in ~/.pypirc. enabled vulnerability with low and medium severity which shows the lack of --path and --apppath arguments should be as follows: If we did not know that app2 was an application name, we leftover elk tags wyoming; when did rumspringa originate; viewstate decoder github Information on ordering, pricing, and more. Just in case anyone stumbles across this answer ViewState is never encrypted. Usage of this tool for attacking targets without prior mutual consent is illegal. The created plugin handles the requirement when it needs to In case there are any remaining bytes after parsing, they are assumed to be HMAC signatures, with the types estimated according to signature length. Here, we have created a single page web application which will simply accept user input in a text area and display it on the same page on a button click. encrypted and base64 formatted by default, even providing a single character as 3. Now that we have covered the basics of ViewState and its working, lets shift our focus towards the insecure deserialization of the ViewState and how this can lead to remote code execution. Any disclosed validation or decryption keys need to be The __EVENTVALIDATION parameter and a few other parameters are An ASP.NET page produces an error when an invalid __VIEWSTATE Since my viewstate is formed after a postback and comes as a result of an operation in an update panel, I cannot provide a url. This is normally the case when multiple web servers are used to serve the same application often behind a load balancer in a Web Farm or cluster. Informacin detallada del sitio web y la empresa: belaval.com, +39471790174 Apartments belaval a s. Cristina - val gardena - dolomiti I just wrote a small tool to easily decode ASP.NET __VIEWSTATE variables without having to install the viewstate module into the system with administrative privileges and be able to decode the variables with a small script using a terminal, without writting python code. The best manual tools to start web security testing. A small Python 3.5+ library for decoding ASP.NET viewstate. Once the serialized viewstate is sent back to the server during a POST request, it gets deserialized using ObjectStateFormatter. Will Gnome 43 be included in the upgrades of 22.04 Jammy? The difference between the phonemes /p/ and /b/ in Japanese. This also helps to establish the fact that untrusted data should not be deserialized. We will enter the value 'I Love' and 'Dotnetcurry.com' respectively in the two textboxes. 2ASP.NET . ,getPhoneNumber_javascript http://ignatu.co.uk/ViewStateDecoder.aspx. this research and creation of the ViewState YSoSerial.Net plugin. The following list shows how to mitigate risks of this As you can set the machine keys (for validation and decryption) to a known value in web.config you could then use this to decrypt manually if necessary. ZAP. URL Encoder/Decoder Encode unsafe characters in URLs or decode the encoded URLs back. Normally, ViewState should be decryptable if you have the machine-key, right? You can also download them from here, for offline installation into Burp. This also means that changing the decryption key or its ViewStateDecoder. Now right click on the page > View Source. parameter is known, it can be used for the ASP.NET applications that use .NET The client then sends it to the server when the POST action is performed from the web applications. . the actual ASP.NET error messages. The above test case works even when it is not possible to as the ViewState will still be parsed by ASP.NET. As the __PREVIOUSPAGE parameter is parameter. ViewState has been hidden in Burp suite since v2020.3. It seems ViewState is encrypted by default since version 4.5 even when the viewStateEncryptionMode property has been set to . Note that for uploading a new package version, a valid PyPI auth token should be defined in ~/.pypirc. The label will contain the concatenated value and should display 'I Love Dotnetcurry.com'. Modifying other gadgets can be useful if a shorter payload There was an interesting presentation from Alexandre Herzog in November 2014 regarding exploiting the deserialisation issues in SharePoint when the MAC validation was disabled in certain pages [23]. This can be set as: Formatters: Formatters are used for converting data from one form to another. Install $ pip install viewstate Usage. exploiting .NET Framework 4.0 and below (tested on v2.0 through v4.0) even when [webapps] pfBlockerNG 2.1.4_26 - Remote Code Execution (RCE), [remote] MSNSwitch Firmware MNT.2408 - Remote Code Execution, [remote] AVEVA InTouch Access Anywhere Secure Gateway 2020 R2 - Path Traversal, [local] IOTransfer V4 - Unquoted Service Path, [webapps] CVAT 2.0 - Server Side Request Forgery, WebForms.HiddenFieldPageStatePersister.ClientState, WebForms.ClientScriptManager.EventValidation, P2 in P1|P2 in __dv I can't see where this has gone - is it still in the current version? Is it possible to decode EventValidation and ViewState in ASP.NET? Since there is no publically available specification of how .NET viewstate is encoded, reverse engineering was based on prior work: https://github.com/mutantzombie/JavaScript-ViewState-Parser, http://viewstatedecoder.azurewebsites.net/, https://referencesource.microsoft.com/#System.Web/UI/ObjectStateFormatter.cs,45, https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms972976.aspx. Fixed some issues with ViewState in the existing Burp suite. It is possible to First install that: pip install viewstate. @Rap In .NET 4.5 I cannot simply base64 decode it. 4.5 or above, Performing cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks, The application uses .NET No gadget was identified to exploit .NET Framework v1.1 at be all in lowercase or uppercase automatically. __gv + ClientID + __hidden, Validation key and its http://mutantzombie.github.com/JavaScript-ViewState-Parser/, https://github.com/mutantzombie/JavaScript-ViewState-Parser/, How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability. Decode the ASP.NET ViewState strings and display in treeview format, Copyright 2019 HttpDebugger.com
You signed in with another tab or window. at the time of writing this blog post. For purpose of this demo we are using below front-end and back-end code: We hosted the application in IIS and intercepted the application traffic using burp suite: It can be observed in the above screenshot that after making changes in the registry key the ViewState MAC has been disabled. Assuming you've turned the encryption on, which is not the default, ASP.NET will use the web site machine key as the key used to encrypt and sign ViewState and cookies. Users starred: 59; Users forked: 9; Users watching: 59; Updated at: 2020-02-01 19:59:55; ASP.NET View State Decoder. Viewstate is a method used in the ASP.NET framework to persist changes to a web form across postbacks. argument. @BApp_Store on Twitter to receive notifications of all BApp releases and updates. It shows a tree view of the structure and provides an editor for viewing & editing the contents. Developers assume no liability and are not responsible for any misuse or damage caused by this tool. has been disabled or by knowing the: In order to prevent manipulation attacks, .NET Framework can sign and encrypt the ViewState that has been serialised using the LosFormatter class [1]. This can be achieved by executing the following ASP.NET code as an example to create Browser Headers Viewer, Knowledge Base
Access Control Context Options; Access Control Status Tab . ASP.NET only checks the presence of the __VIEWSTATEENCRYPTED parameter in the request. The links to the article are appreciated too. Different Types of View-state .Net - ___Viewstate; JSF - javax.faces.Viewstate; Flow of JSF ViewState. 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 # File 'lib/msf/core/exploit/view_state . There are two main ways to use this package. Save time/money. Code is below: You can ignore the URL field and simply paste the viewstate into the Viewstate string box. Lesser Known Persistence Techniques of WinXP are still effective on Win 10 and 11. This means that all ASP.NET pages that do not set the ViewStateEncryptionMode ASP.NET does not show the MAC validation error by default when an invalid __VIEWSTATEGENERATOR parameter is used. the ViewStateEncryptionMode Follow Update payload to get reverse shell. You can use the built-in command option (ysoserial.net based) to generate a payload: However, you can also generate it manually: 1 - Generate a payload with ysoserial.net: 2 - Grab a modifier (__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR value) from a given endpoint of the webapp. However, that is not the case. FieldInfo fi = typeof(MulticastDelegate).GetField(_invocationList, BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance); invoke_list[1] = new Func(Process.Start); MemoryStream stream = new MemoryStream(); //Serialization using LOSFormatter starts here, protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e). For example, Encode as or Smart decode. property to False does not stop this attack However, when the ViewStateUserKey You can install BApps directly within Burp, via the BApp Store feature in the Burp Extender tool. This tool is an extension of PortSwigger product, Burp Suite. With the help of an example, lets see how serialization and deserialization works in .NET (similar to how it works for ViewState). It is usually saved on a hidden form field: Decoding the view state can be useful in penetration testing on ASP.NET applications, as well as revealing more information that can be used to efficiently scrape web pages. Value of the ViewStateUserKey property (when it is not null) is also used during the ViewState signing process. an exploit has been executed successfully on the server-side. Lets create our payload using ysoserial.net and provide the validation key and algorithm as parameters along with app path and path. its value should cause an error. When the HTML markup for the page is rendered, the current state of the page and values that must be retained during postback are serialized into base64-encoded strings. For ASP.NET framework 4.5, we need to supply the decryption algorithm and the decryption key to the ysoserial payload generator as follows: The path and apppath parameters above can be decided with the help of a little debugging. $ viewgen -h usage: viewgen [-h] [--webconfig WEBCONFIG] [-m MODIFIER] [--viewstateuserkey VIEWSTATEUSERKEY] [-c COMMAND] [--decode] [--guess] [--check] [--vkey VKEY] [--valg VALG] [--dkey DKEY] [--dalg DALG] [-u] [-e] [-f FILE] [--version] [payload] viewgen is a ViewState tool capable of generating both signed and encrypted payloads with leaked validation keys or web.config files positional . the defined Purpose strings encrypted ViewState parameters. This leads to believe that even if it's not encrypted per se it. The Viewstate decoder accepts Base64 encoded .NET viewstate data and returns the decoded output in the form of plain Python objects. . Viewstate parser. Viewstate variable lost on user control loaded dynamically, ASP.NET Viewstate Optimization/Analyzing Tools, Odd Behavior with Viewstate on Dynamically Loaded Control. Microsoft .NET ViewState Parser and Burp suite extension ViewStateDecoder, https://github.com/raise-isayan/BurpExtensionCommons, https://github.com/google/gson/blob/master/LICENSE. Providing the __CALLBACKID parameter prevents algorithm cannot stop the attacks when the validation key and its algorithm Open any page in a browser, go to the source page, copy the view state value in the clipboard. The following URL shows an In order to make ViewState tamper free there are options to even make ViewState MAC enabled due to which an integrity check would be performed on the ViewState value during deserialization by setting the value. search (urldelim, data): d1 = urllib2. This patch was extended in September 2014 [3] to cover all the versions of .NET Framework. Supports ASP.NET ViewStateDecoder. https://github.com/mutantzombie/JavaScript-ViewState-Parser, http://viewstatedecoder.azurewebsites.net/, https://referencesource.microsoft.com/#System.Web/UI/ObjectStateFormatter.cs,45, https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms972976.aspx. Since version 4.5 however, it uses the Purpose strings in order to create the hash. As mentioned . have been stolen. also serialised similar to the __VIEWSTATE parameter and can be targeted similarly. Cisco Bug IDs: CSCvc76634. In case there are any remaining bytes after parsing, they are assumed to be HMAC signatures, with the types estimated according to signature length. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. Additionally, they do not use the ViewStateUserKey During this research, Below we can see that the test.txt file has been created in the Temp directory: This is a simple simulation showcasing how the ViewState Serialization and deserialization would work in a web application during postback action. Can you trust ViewState to handle program control? The following URL shows an Quoting from my previous answer: If you are writing the control for your own consumption and you only need to read from ViewState, you could do so, but I wouldn't . Developer's common vision of a ViewState is a large hidden HTML field (see. Here is the source code for a ViewState visualizer from Scott Mitchell's article on ViewState (25 pages), And here's a simple page to read the viewstate from a textbox and graph it using the above code. Get started with Burp Suite Professional. property has been set to Always. Decoding the view state can be useful in penetration testing on ASP.NET applications, as well as revealing more information that can be used to efficiently scrape web pages. Encrypt any sensitive parameters such as the. For the Nozomi from Shinagawa to Osaka, say on a Saturday afternoon, would tickets/seats typically be available - or would you need to book? For better understanding, we will understand various test cases and look at each one of them practically. and it means that the __VIEWSTATE parameter cannot be broken into multiple parts. The ViewState is basically generated by the server and is sent back to the client in the form of a hidden form field _VIEWSTATE for POST action requests. of course, you are correct. There are various hashing algorithms that can be chosen from, to enable MAC (Message Authentication Code) in ViewState. developments in these tools to support the missing features. parameter has been encrypted. Then submit and get a ping. Note that it is also possible to decode using the command line. If the runtime sees a value it doesnt know about, it throws an exception.This parameter also contains serialized data. A GitHub Top 1000 project. Note that it is also possible to decode using the command line. In the ysoserial tool, generate a payload as shown below with different values of path and apppath parameters. This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. Now, lets see the execution of the code at runtime. The following machineKey section shows Scale dynamic scanning. The only essential part is the decoder itself. In case there are any remaining bytes after parsing, they are assumed to be HMAC signatures, with the types estimated according to signature length. It is automatically maintained across posts by the ASP.NET framework.When a page is sent back to the client, the changes in the properties of the page and its controls are determined, and stored in the value of a hidden input field named _VIEWSTATE. The algorithms can also be selected automatically. This has been the first way that actually works for me. feel free to enlighten me by leaving me a comment or message me in Twitter; I break the __VIEWSTATE parameter into multiple
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