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st louis bridge collapse

[12] Deputy Fire Chief Arnett Williams recalled this immediate outpouring from the industrial community: "They said 'take what you want'. The intent was to build a line into Colorado via Kansas City. The highway deck was closed to automobiles from 1991 to 2003,[5] but has been restored and now carries both vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The unproclaimed purpose was to require a bridge so grand and lofty that it was impossible to erect according to conventional building techniques. [8], Granite for the bridge came from the Iron County, Missouri, quarry of B. Gratz Brown, Missouri Governor and U.S. Paul Best is a breaking news reporter for Fox News Digital and Fox Business. The TRRA owned the bridge until 1989, when the Terminal Railroad transferred the bridge to the Bi-State Regional Transportation Authority and the City of St. Louis, for incorporation into St Louis' MetroLink light rail system. National Park Service says never push a slower friend down when escaping a bear, Missouri State falls short in MVC quarterfinals against Southern Illinois, NASCAR star Elliott has leg surgery after snowboard accident, Dust from South Western United States blows into the Ozarks. One construction worker died and two others were injured Wednesday when a bridge under construction in northwest Missouri collapsed, officials said. Work on the bridge began in 1867, and it was completed in 1874. On July 17, 1981, the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri, suffered the structural collapse of two overhead walkways. Six months later, it cited five contractors including Figg Bridge . Popular belief held that elephants had instincts that would make them avoid setting foot on unsafe structures. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. In 1881, Jay Gould got control of the bridge and tunnel companies by threatening to build a competing bridge four miles north of St. (AP) One construction worker died and two others were injured Wednesday when a bridge under construction in northwest Missouri collapsed, officials said. Louis Rigues said Guayaguayare suffers so much neglect, residents often have to protest and call the media to get anything done. KEARNEY, Mo. The bridge carries 38,000 vehicles a day over two streets and the . Ten years ago, the Interstate 35W bridge over the Mississippi River in downtown Minneapolis collapsed, sending cars, trucks and even a school bus that were crawling over it in . 2:33 p.m. County transportation officials said the bridge is one of five closed and two under construction in the county. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. [12] Eads argued that the great compressive strength of steel was ideal for use in the upright arch design. The other two workers sustained minor injuries and were able to free themselves from the rubble, Clay County Sheriffs spokeswoman Sarah Boyd said. [23] During the failure, the box beams split along the weld and the nut supporting them slipped through the resulting gap, which was consistent with reports that the upper walkway at first fell several inches, after which the nut was held only by the upper side of the box beams; then the upper side of the box beams failed as well, allowing the entire walkway to fall in a cascading failure. This line started out as the Saint Louis, Kansas City and Colorado Railroad, who built the first vestige of the line between Saint Louis and Union in 1887. These steel, glass and concrete crossings connected the second, third and fourth floors between the north and south wings. Get the Android Weather app from Google Play, BEFORE YOU GO: What to know for CITY SCs home opener, Win a Midday Makeover from Studio STL and West County, Hold my beer its time to sign up for the St. Patricks, Tims Travels: Dreaming in silestone and slabs its, Downtown is turning green for St. Patricks Day Parade, The 7brew Crew brings kindness, joy and of course,, Freshen up finds: Give your skin a slug-hug, What the Cluck! Is dumpster diving legal in Missouri and Illinois? Claiming full responsibility and disturbed by his memories "365 days a year", he said he wanted "to scare the daylights out of them" in the hope of preventing future mistakes. [32], During the bridge's construction, The New York Times called it "The World's Eighth Wonder". The bridge, which was replacing an older bridge, spanned Carroll Creek in a rural area near Kearney, about 27 miles (43.45 kilometers) northeast of Kansas City. The other two workers sustained minor injuries and were able to free themselves from the rubble, Clay County Sheriffs spokeswoman Sarah Boyd said. The walkways were approximately 120 feet (37m) long[1]:28 and weighed approximately 64,000 pounds (29,000kg). The bridge collapse killed 35 people. The contract was awarded to William Skrainka and Company. In this respect, the event joins the legacies of the 1984 Bhopal disaster, the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and the 1986 Chernobyl disaster. In 1714 Peru, a friar is tried by the Inquisition for questioning God's intentions when five die in the collapse of an Andean rope bridge. The bridge has been closed since 2016. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. The bridge is even sacred to St. Louis of France, and there's a small church on one side . It has been called Dr. Seuss Day because of this. The Kansas City Star described the national climate of the late 1970s as "high unemployment, inflation and double-digit interest rates [that added] pressure on builders to win contracts and complete projects swiftly". By 1901, the StLKC&C had further completed their line through Gerald and Owensville to Bland. Jimmy Killeen was at his St. Louis home . This article was originally published on NBCNews.com, Thailand's 'most beautiful transgender woman' and husband wear $580K in attire at extravagant wedding, Desperate mountain residents trapped by snow beg for help; 'We are coming,' sheriff says, U.S. court won't require FAA to make airplane seat size, spacing rules, Convicted killer Alex Murdaugh's new mugshot revealed after double life sentence, Rebel Wilson says she was banned from Disneyland for 30 days for taking a bathroom selfie, Pour Salt Down Your Drain At Night, Here's Why, Village Inn building demolished on Thursday, HUD VASH program's mission to combat veteran homelessness in South Florida, Why is everyone talking about pink lemonade on TikTok? Four pairs of arches per span (upper and lower) were set eight feet (2.4m) apart, supporting an upper deck for vehicular traffic and a lower deck for rail traffic. Guests heard popping noises and a loud crack moments before the fourth-floor walkway dropped several inches, paused, then fell completely onto the second-floor walkway. The fourth-floor walkway platform was supported on three cross-beams suspended by the steel rods retained by nuts. 36, No. This structure is known locally as the Chain of Rocks Bridge. 1998 - 2023 Nexstar Media Inc. | All Rights Reserved. CLAY COUNTY, Mo. "Past & Repast = The History and Hospitality of the Missouri Governor's Mansion", Missouri Mansion Preservation, Inc., 1983. It has been renovated numerous times since, though the lobby retains the same layout and design. Construction of the tunnel was not yet complete. Constructions crews were working on the bridge, which had been closed to traffic, when the deadly accident occurred. Just some b roll footage, Check out the flood waters by the Eades Bridge built 1868, also take a short walk in St. Louis. The busy Interstate 35W bridge over the Mississippi River in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, collapsed at the peak of rush hour on Wednesday, August 1, 2007. Numerous workers who operated in the Eads Bridge caissons, still among the deepest ever sunk, suffered from "caisson disease" (also known as "the bends" or decompression sickness). Further details about what caused the collapse were not immediately available. They advertised for bids in the Missouri Republican on August 31, 1872. OVERVIEW AND SCOPE. [3], The Missouri Board of Architects, Professional Engineers and Land Surveyors found the engineers at Jack D. Gillum and Associates who had approved the final drawings to be culpable of gross negligence, misconduct, and unprofessional conduct in the practice of engineering. MetroLink service over the bridge began in 1993. Tonight, just two blocks from my house, a portion the Delor St. bridge collapsed onto I-55 below. Workers with Lehman Construction Company that had been contracted by Clay County were pouring the decking for the bridge this afternoon when the collapse happened. There were multiple contracting companies on the scene at the time of the collapse and no county employees, authorities said. A spokesperson for the sheriff's office told FOX 4 Kansas City that it took about an hour for emergency crews to reinforce the bridge and free the trapped workers who survived. The Eads Bridge was built by the Illinois and St. Louis Bridge Company, with the Keystone Bridge Company, founded in 1865 by Andrew Carnegie, serving as subcontractor for steel superstructure erection. The American Society of Civil Engineers adopted a clear policywhich carries weight in courtthat structural engineers are now ultimately responsible for reviewing shop drawings by fabricators. Its reportedly in Washington Township. The sheriff's office said it will turn over the investigation to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The deceased victim has not been publicly identified. Directions; Chicago, IL . Read a column from Times CEO and chairman Paul Tash, who covered the Skyway Bridge disaster as a 25-year-old reporter. Legal Statement. (Clay County Sheriff's Office), MAN KILLED IN ILLINOIS TRAIN ACCIDENT IDENTIFIED AS 49-YEAR EMPLOYEE AT LOCAL CO-OP. After witnessing German explosive charges going off but failing to destroy the bridge, Hoge's engineers quickly started cutting wires and removing a thousand pounds of unexploded demolitions while German artillery on top of the hills on the east side of the river kept up a steady bombardment of American . [34], Original location of second- and fourth-story walkways, Apollo 13 oxygen tank failure and subsequent investigation, List of structural failures and collapses, "Investigation of the Kansas City Hyatt Regency Walkways Collapse", "20 years later: Many are continuing to learn from skywalk collapse", "45 Killed at Hotel in Kansas City, Mo., as Walkways Fall", "Lives forever changed by skywalk collapse", "Former Chiefs doctor Joseph Waeckerle a veteran of the NFL's concussion wars is on a mission to protect young players", "20 years later: Fatal disaster remains impossible to forget", "Collapse of Hotel's 'Skywalks' in 1981 is still Reverberating; in Kansas City", "Hyatt skywalks collapse changed lives forever", "From the archives: Surviving the Hyatt skywalk disaster", "Hyatt Regency Disaster | ThinkReliability, Case Studies", "The Hyatt Regency disaster 20 years later", "Why Engineers Must Remember the Kansas City Hyatt Tragedy", "Negligence And The Professional "Debate" Over Responsibility For Design", "The Pulitzer Prizes Local General or Spot News Reporting", "Memorial to Kansas City skywalk disaster finally a reality", Mancow: How the Hyatt Disaster & Bob Walkenhorst Derailed KCs Rainmakers, Network news feature from July 23, 1981, including interviews, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyatt_Regency_walkway_collapse&oldid=1138251545, Structural overload resulting from design flaws, This page was last edited on 8 February 2023, at 18:59. Get the Android Weather app from Google Play, BEFORE YOU GO: What to know for CITY SCs home opener, Win a Midday Makeover from Studio STL and West County, Hold my beer its time to sign up for the St. Patricks, Tims Travels: Dreaming in silestone and slabs its, Downtown is turning green for St. Patricks Day Parade, The 7brew Crew brings kindness, joy and of course,, Freshen up finds: Give your skin a slug-hug, What the Cluck! The top of Darwin's Arch, in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean archipelago, fell as "a consequence of natural erosion," according to the Ministry of Environment for Ecuador. One person is dead and three others are injured after a bridge that was under construction near Kansas City, Missouri, collapsed, authorities said. OSHA is on its way to the scene. Piers were sunk almost 100 feet (30m) below the river's surface. "An engineering contractor was on scene today inspecting the bridge before the deck was poured.". [16] The opening day celebration on July 4, 1874, featured a parade that stretched for 15 miles (24km) through the streets of St. Photo courtesy of Clay County Sheriff's Office/Twitter. 3 Daughters head brewer killed in motorcycle crash on Sunshine Skyway bridge, company says, 3 Daughters staff remembers head brewer, plans to start foundation in his honor, Why are state conservation officials getting cold feet about protecting Skyway pelicans? The two-lane bridge spans Carroll Creek at Northeast 148th Street and Shady Grove Road in Washington Township, outside of Kearney, about 27 miles northeast of Kansas City. The bridge is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2023 Nexstar Media Inc. All rights reserved. a new St. Louis bridge over the . Many involved with financing the bridge were indicted, but Eads was not. Get all the stories you need-to-know from the most powerful name in news delivered first thing every morning to your inbox. Read it here. The investigation into the cause of the disaster took 16 months, with the final report being published on December 19, 2008. [28] It was to be a cut and cover tunnel 4000ft long, 30ft below street level. An engineering contractor was there inspecting the bridge before the deck was poured. The accidents were terrifying, and devastating in terms of loss of life and property. The owner of the Kansas City Star Company guessed that the huge victim count ensured that "virtually half the town was affected directly or indirectly by the horror of the tragedy". closed a 90-year-old steel-truss bridge serving the suburbs of St. Louis . Responders gather at a bridge under construction after it collapsed in rural Clay County near Kearny, Mo., Wednesday, Oct. 26, 2022. It has been called Dr. Seuss Day because of this. [5], In 1998, the Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center investigated the effects of the ramming of the bridge by the towboat Anne Holly on April 4 of that year. Construction began in October. [30], A memorial was dedicated by Skywalk Memorial Foundation, a nonprofit organization established for victims of the collapse, on November 12, 2015, in Hospital Hill Park across the street from the hotel. (AP) One construction worker died and two others were injured Wednesday when a bridge under construction in northwest Missouri collapsed, officials said. Perhaps most importantly, due to the use of steel by Andrew Carnegies Keystone Bridge Company, it was the first large-scale use of steel as a structural material and initiated the shift from wrought-iron to steel as the default material for large structures. [22], This design change would be fatal. In the original design, the beams of the fourth-floor walkway had to support only the weight of the fourth-floor walkway, with the weight of the second-floor walkway supported completely by the rods. [1]:6 Pfrang concluded they would have failed with one-third of the occupants' weight. The steps taken after the Hyatt helped the industry recover from failure. The Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis won a $7.17 million federal grant toward replacing a truss on the west approach to the MacArthur Bridge that runs over South Broadway near Interstate . On the morning of May 9, 1980, a sudden squall engulfed the Sunshine Skyway Bridge, spanning the mouth of Tampa Bay south of St. Petersburg, Florida. Is dumpster diving legal in Missouri and Illinois? [3] The NBS's final report cited structural overload resulting from design flaws where "the walkways had only minimal capacity to resist their own weight". Workers were pouring concrete . Trademark and Copyright 2023 The Associated Press. The workers were pouring concrete on the bridge deck at about 1:45 p.m. when the bridge collapsed and trapped three or four of them. CNC3's studios are located at the Trinidad Guardian building located on 22-24 St. Vincent Street, Port of Spain, Trinidad and . Approximately 1,600 people gathered in the atrium for a tea dance on the evening of July 17, 1981. OSHA, as the Department of Labor's lead workplace safety enforcement arm, was on site immediately after the collapse. KEARNEY, Mo. Eads implemented a building method that he had observed in Europe, whereby masonry was set atop a metal chamber filled with compressed air. The Eads Bridge was ready to be opened after seven years of construction on July 4, 1874. The ramming resulted in the near breakaway of the SS Admiral, a riverboat casino. (AP) One construction worker died and two others were injured Wednesday when a bridge under construction in northwest Missouri collapsed, officials said. The Eads Bridge and its tunnel are now used by Metrolink, the St. Louis light rail system. The 35-foot section of the Missouri bridge collapsed under heavy traffic March 16 on Interstate 55 on the outskirts of St. Louis. The New York Times said the victims were soon overshadowed by the community's daily preoccupation with the disaster and its polarized attitude of blame-seeking and "vendetta" that soon targeted even the local newspapers, judges and lawyers: "Seldom has a city's establishment been so emotionally torn by catastrophe as Kansas City's was". Oct. 27 (UPI) -- One person died and three others were injured when a bridge under construction in Missouri collapsed, authorities said. (AP) One construction worker died and two others were injured Wednesday when a bridge under construction in northwest Missouri collapsed, officials said. Contractors were pouring concrete on its deck when the bridge collapsed, officials said. The St. Louis Fire Department (STLFD or STL City Fire) provides emergency medical services, fire cause determination, fire prevention, fire suppression, hazardous materials mitigation, and rescue services to the city of St. Louis, Missouri.The department is also the second oldest professional and fully paid fire department in the United States. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. Read the story here. Volunteers responded to an appeal and brought jacks, flashlights, compressors, jackhammers, concrete saws and generators from construction companies and suppliers. All rights reserved. Company owner and engineer of record Jack D. Gillum eventually claimed full responsibility for the collapse and its obvious but unchecked design flaws, and he became an engineering disaster lecturer. Havens Steel proposed that two separate and offset sets of rods be used: the first set suspending the fourth-floor walkway from the ceiling, and the second set suspending the second-floor walkway from the fourth-floor walkway. The steamboat parties planned to prevent any structure from being built, in order to ensure continued dependence on river traffic to sustain commerce in the region. These engineering principles were used for later bridges, including the Brooklyn Bridge, which began construction in 1870. The Clay County Highway Department says there were no safety concerns regarding this project prior to today. Directions; Bentonville, AR (479) 398-7250. Fox News Flash top headlines for October 26. Construction began in May 2021, and it was set to reopen in early 2023. This was ostensibly to maintain sufficient operating room for steamboats beneath the bridge's base for the then foreseeable future. 2023 FOX News Network, LLC. Louis. Every defendant including Hallmark Cards, Crown Center Corporation, architects, engineers, and the contractor denied all legal liability, including that of the egregious engineering faults.[16]. The bridge is near NE 148th Street and Shady Grove Road. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Eads worked out the specifications for the tunnel. Authorities said one person is dead after a bridge that was under construction near Kansas City, Missouri, collapsed, Oct. 26, 2022. In 1887, the Louisville and Jeffersonville Bridge Company formed to serve as a recelevership in the creation of the Big Four Bridge, which was built to carry the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St Louis Railway. Construction began on it in May 2021. This unprecedented evet becomes a communal touchstone for the Limean population, which can't fathom why such a catastrophe would occur. There is one confirmed fatality and several with minor injuries. Especially interested is a friar named . [16] Edward Pfrang, lead investigator for the National Bureau of Standards, characterized the neglectful corporate culture surrounding the entire Hyatt construction project as "everyone wanting to walk away from responsibility". The Final Verdict December, 2008. It was originally a toll bridge. The bridge is named for its designer and builder, James Buchanan Eads. Tacoma Narrows Bridge, suspension bridge across the Narrows of Puget Sound, connecting the Olympic Peninsula with the mainland of Washington state, U.S. The Clay County Sheriff's Office identified the construction worker who died in a bridge collapse near Kearney, Missouri, Wednesday afternoon. Jackson, Robert W., Rails Across the Mississippi: A History of the St. Louis Bridge, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, 2001, p 137. Implementing several recommended changes reduced the odds of this happening in the future.[23]. or redistributed. [16] Of this, at least $140 million (equivalent to $417million in 2021) was actually awarded to victims and their families, under hotel owner Crown Center Redevelopment Corporation. (10:17 a.m. The region's busiest river crossing, the Poplar Street Bridge, has been retrofitted for extra protection. He died in 1892, but this led to the construction of Union Station in 1894. With its radar down, the nearly 20-ton . [7] A surgeon spent 20 minutes amputating one victim's pinned and unsalvageable leg with a chainsaw; that victim later died. 1 min read. The bridge collapsed on top of the workers and rescue efforts ensued, Clay County Western Commissioner Jon Carpenter told ABC News. [3] The Missouri licensing board, the state attorney general and Jackson County investigated the collapse over the following years. In order to accommodate the massive size and strength of the Mississippi River, the Eads Bridge required a number of engineering feats. About 78 feet (24m) of that span was driven through the sandy riverbed until it hit bedrock. By the 1970s, the Terminal Railroad Association had abandoned its Eads trackage. The original bridge, known colloquially as "Galloping Gertie," was a landmark failure in engineering history. Learn how the wind causes bridges to "flutter" and how this problem might be resolved through modern engineering. None of the earlier bridges survive, which means that the Eads Bridge is also the oldest bridge on the river. [9], Water flooded the lobby from the hotel's ruptured sprinkler system and put trapped survivors at risk of drowning. [21] In exchange for Eads Bridge, the TRRA acquired the MacArthur Bridge,[22] previously owned by the City of St Louis. State and federal charters precluded suspension or draw bridges, or wood construction. Three other workers were able to get out with minor . The Eads Bridge is a combined road and railway bridge over the Mississippi River connecting the cities of St. Louis, Missouri and East St. Louis, Illinois. They were acquitted of all the crimes with which they were initially charged, but the company lost its engineering licenses in Missouri, Kansas and Texas, and lost its membership with the American Society of Civil Engineers. The workers were pouring concrete when the bridge collapsed. Three years ago today, the under construction Florida International University (FIU) pedestrian bridge collapsed onto a Florida highway, crushing cars and killing six people and injuring 10 others. [9], The rescue operation lasted 14 hours,[8] directed by Kansas City emergency medical director Joseph Waeckerle. FOX 46 showed this viral video of reporter Amber Roberts and photojournalist Jonthan Monte to the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT). Column on Ohio train disaster went way off the rails | Letters, State OKs Tampa Bay harbor pilots fee hikes, despite ports objections, Aldi grocery store planned for St. Petersburgs Tyrone Square Mall, For Rays Mason Montgomery, a really cool experience, Drunken, wrong-way driver crashes into state trooper in Pasco, officials say, Tampa Bay harbor pilots pay raise request stirs storm at Tampas port, 1 dead from Howard Frankland Bridge crash; Pasco man charged with DUI, wondering if what he was seeing through his binoculars was real, Heres what readers remember from the day the Skyway bridge fell. In the late 20th century, however, passenger traffic had declined because of individual automobile use, and the railroad industry was restructuring. The original design by Jack D. Gillum and Associates specified three pairs of rods running from the second-floor walkway to the ceiling, passing through the beams of the fourth-floor walkway, with a nut at the middle of each tie rod tightened up to the bottom of the fourth-floor walkway, and a nut at the bottom of each tie rod tightened up to the bottom of the second-floor walkway. Early on Friday, a bridge collapsed in Pittsburgh, which authorities said also severed a gas line. The particular physical difficulties of the site stimulated interesting solutions to construction problems. On July 17, 1981, the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri, suffered the structural collapse of two overhead walkways.Loaded with partygoers, the concrete and glass platforms cascaded down, crashing onto a tea dance in the lobby, killing 114 and injuring 216. [8] President Ulysses S. Grant dedicated the bridge on July 4, 1874, and General William T. Sherman drove the gold spike completing construction. The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) has completed the Preliminary Engineering and Environmental Study for the replacement of the bridge that carries I-270 over the Mississippi River connecting Madison County, Illinois and St. Louis, Missouri. [6] The former railroad deck now carries the St. Louis MetroLink light rail system, providing service between St Louis and communities on the Illinois side of the river. The hotel reopened three months after the tragedy. The Eads Bridge was the first bridge across the Mississippi south of the Missouri River. There were multiple contracting companies at the scene of thecollapse but no county employees present, officials said. The bridge was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1964, in recognition of its innovations in design, materials, construction methods, and importance in the history of large-scale engineering projects. The bridge is near NE 148th Street . Several people were on the bridge pouring concrete when the collapse happened. [1]:54 The fourth-floor bridge was suspended directly over the second-floor bridge, with the third-floor walkway offset several yards from the others. October 27, 2022. The collapse reportedly happened around 1:44 p.m. 27, 2022. In the revised design, however, the fourth-floor beams supported both the fourth- and second-floor walkways, but were strong enough only for 30% of that load. Gillum and Associates failed to review the initial design thoroughly, and engineer Daniel M. Duncan accepted Havens Steel's proposed plan via a phone call without performing necessary calculations or viewing sketches that would have revealed its serious intrinsic flaws in particular, doubling the load on the fourth-floor beams. [5] The fourth-level walkway was directly above the second-level walkway. Four workers became trapped, the sheriff's office said. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. ST. LOUIS On Nov. 1, 1855, the Pacific Railroad's first train to Jefferson City left downtown bearing 600 prominent citizens. The triple span, tubular metallic arch construction was supported by two shore abutments and two mid-river piers. "The Clay County Highway Department states there were no safety concerns on the project prior to today," the Clay County Sheriff's Office said in a statement on Wednesday. Ten people were injured when a snow-covered bridge in Pittsburgh collapsed Friday morning, hours ahead of a previously scheduled visit to the city by President Joe Biden to discuss infrastructure. Meanwhile, a new St. Louis bridge over the Mississippi River that opened in 2014 was built with foundations all the way into bedrock to keep it steady and standing in the event of a quake. One person was dead and at least three other people were injured after a Missouri bridge under construction collapsed and trapped four people in the debris. [31][32] It included a $25,000 donation from Hallmark Cards.

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st louis bridge collapse