62. In voicing its opposition, the paper read, This amendment was gotten up by William G. Evans and the corrupt corporations which he represents and controls, and which he destroyed and ruined. So the People May Know, Denver Post, 2 November 1914 (emphasis added). The indictment of the Guggenheims alongside Rockefeller's C.F. The Two Utilities Bills, Rocky Mountain News, 17 October 1912. b. Taft took votes away from Wilson WebHiram Warren Johnson (September 2, 1866 August 6, 1945) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 23rd governor of California from 1911 to 1917. b. the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment Western Federation of Miners, Official Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Western Federation of Miners of America, August 2, 1910July 29, 1916 (Denver, 1916), 409Google Scholar. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English. 34. WebThe Progressive Era Was A Political Movement The Progressives gave voters the power of direct democracy through initiatives, referendums and recalls. Devastatingly and increasingly, children are not living in stable, two-parent households. Denver Post, 2 August 1911; Rocky Mountain News, 2 August 1911. c. muckrakers and women's organizations -Jacob Riis The 18th Amendment of 1919 established the prohibition of alcohol after decades of efforts by the temperance movement to have it banned. 27. ." Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. c. congress called a regulatory agency to audit railroads Finally, it should be noted that the occasional adoption of conflicting ballot measures occurred in other states. Thisbegan what is known as the Prohibition Erain US History. WebThe Progressive Era (18961917) was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste and These affidavits were given to the Secretary of State. Lonsdale, The Movement for an Eight-Hour Law in Colorado, 274. Direct Democracy During the Progressive Era: A Crack Univeristy of Denver and Univeristy of Colorado at Boulder, American Politics: Core Argument/Current Controversy, Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution, Direct Legislation: Voting on Ballot Propositions in the United States, Paradise Lost: California's Experience, America's Future, The Initiative and Referendum in California, 18981998, The Color Bind: California's Battle to End Affirmative Action, The Populist Paradox: Interest Group Influence and the Promise of Direct Legislation, Documents on the State-wide Initiative, Referendum and Recall, The Operation of the Initiative, Referendum, and Recall in Oregon, Recent Experience with the Initiative and Referendum, Democratic Delusions: The Initiative Process in America, Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall, The Origins of the Initiative and Referendum in America, The Initiative to Party: Partisanship and Ballot Initiatives in California, Senate Journal of the Seventeenth General Assembly of the State of Colorado, State of Colorado: Roster of Elected Officers and Tabulated Statement of the Votes Cast for the Several Candidates, Tuesday, November 8, A.D. 1910, Pioneers and Politicians: 10 Colorado Governors in Profile, Lawmaking by Initiative: Issues, Options, and Comparisons, State of Colorado: Roster of Elected Officers and Tabulated Statement of the Votes Cast for the Several Candidates, Tuesday, November 5, A.D. 1912. 53. Again, one might expect the county-level vote on the two measures to be inversely related, as a yes vote on the initiative, which would reinstate the language of the 1905 legislation, would have the same effect as voting no on the popular referendum. Smith, Daniel A. There are two problems with this analysis. 1. The popular referendum is a measure that appears on the ballot as a result of a voter petition drive and is similar to the initiative in that both are triggered by petitions, but A Referendum on the Failure of the Progressive Era Part I: Progressives Pervert Our Constitution By: FW Staff 10/24/2016 Americans are furious with the overt Render date: 2023-03-05T02:55:20.358Z 61. Zimmerman, Joseph, The Initiative: Citizen Law-Making (Westport, Conn., 1999), 9495Google Scholar. 2. 66. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-jxww4 WebProgressive Era Reforms 2:50 The Progressive Era spanned the late 1800s to the 1920s. He was reelected to a fourth term in 1900 as a Democrat. the process of referring a political question to the electorate for this purpose. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the Save PDF action button. In Colorado, the five 1912 popular referendums (Measures 2226) that received less than 50 percent of the vote were removed from the Colorado statute books in 1913. From Hegel in Prussia, to academia in America, to Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, the living constitution and two amendments in 1912 replaced our Founders limited and defined government. In 1902, Shafroth was reelected as a Democrat, but he resigned his seat in 1903 after allegations of fraud were made by his opponent. and A monopoly is when one corporation or person controls almost an entire industry, such as steelor oil, so there is no competition. 30. b. increase the influence of business owners on regulatory legislation See the sample ballot published in the Denver Post, 2 November 1914. The adoption of the two counterpropositions that so patently conflicted with each other indicates that voters may not have understood the substantive implications of the initiative and popular referendum. If a sentence is already correct, write C after it. What is the labour of cable stayed bridges? During this time, WebThe Progressive Movement was an early-20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunity, and to correct injustices in American life. (Danzer R54). Ballot Initiatives, State Policies, and Public Opinion, Journal of Politics 58 (1996): 760775CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Camobreco, John, Preferences, Fiscal Policies, and the Initiative Process, Journal of Politics 60 (1998): 819829CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hagen, Michael, Lascher, Edward, and Camobreco, John, Response to Matsusaka: Estimating the Effect of Ballot Initiatives on Policy Responsiveness, Journal of Politics 63 (2001): 12571263CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Initiatives are citizen made proposals and amendments that can be put on ballots during elections; they are the most frequently used out of the 806 Words 4 Pages Decent Essays Read More WebEstablished in 1989, Progressive Design Build is a premier design/build remodeling firm in Southwest Florida proudly serving Lee and Collier County residents with the highest b. taking responsibility for the safety of consumers For instance, in 1914 the Denver Post opposed a plan to make newspapers a public utility. Only 94,485 voters (out of the more than 263,000 who voted for President) cast ballots on Measure 13, and just 79,354 voted on Measure 4; in contrast, 192,651 voters cast ballots on Measure 1which received the highest tally of any ballot measurecalling for statewide prohibition. -dums or -da / -d/ ) a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision. Progressive Builders, 30 Mildred Dr, Ardmore Rd Fort Myers, FL (Owned by: Michael R Spreckelmeier) holds a Certified General Contractor license and 4 other HTML view is not available for this content. In the following sentences, circle each incorrectly used lowercase letter. The court's exact language on this matter is as follows: It provides that the power reserved designated the referendum, may be ordered, except as to laws necessary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health or safety. Colorado Senate, 1913. ." Micro-Level Legislative Responsiveness to Ballot Initiatives, State Politics and Policy Quarterly 1 (2001): 5061CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 66. WebThe referendum process allows citizens to refer a law that passed the legislature to the ballot for voters to decide whether to uphold or repeal the law. 2006. See especially Chavez, Lydia, The Color Bind: California's Battle to End Affirmative Action (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1998)Google Scholar, and Mahtesian, Charles, Grassroots Charade, Governing (11 1998): 3842Google Scholar. Speer and Evans had another reason to be allies. Although the DLL stayed active in 1913 and tried to get several progressive measures through the legislature, in 1914 Lindsey incorporated the Colorado Social Service League and the DLL floundered in his absence. Many Progressives began to push for things such as the recall and referendum due to their belief that elections where voters had more power would force officeholders to be more responsible. 76. Imperial accoutrements like old songs and statues should stay where they are. (New York, 1955), 261Google Scholar. a. workers secured a greater share of company products c. setting limits on the growth of private industry 15. The political and social changes which occurred during this time were a direct response to the a. southern farmers and clergy members Racial tensions are increasing, and anti-social behavior is invading our cities and communities. 44. a. What is the answer punchline algebra 15.1 why dose a chicken coop have only two doors? As the Colorado Bar observed, There will by this law be concentrated with the said commissioners full control and authority. Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 73. 13. Yet the bivariate Pearson product moment correlation between the percentage of the county yes vote for both measures is positively related (r = .474) and significant (p < .01, 2-tailed, n = 62), indicating again, as in the case of the competing regulation of public utilities measures, that there may have been considerable voter confusion. 51. 11. 47. 22. But in every state there are thousands of voters who read no newspapers regularly, whose circumstances and associations are such that they have little opportunity to read or hear any informing discussion, and who come to the polls with but the haziest notions as to what the election is all about. Haynes, George, The Education of Voters, Political Science Quarterly 22:3 (1907): 484497, 485CrossRefGoogle Scholar. and WebOne reform instituted by Progressives in many states was the referendum. https://www.encyclopedia.com/politics/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/referendum, "Referendum Just over a hundred years ago, the Progressive philosophy became part of American politics. Teddy Roosevelt embraced most of the Progressive concepts. The Denver Post and The Denver Times took no official stance on the merits of direct democracy. c. promote the principle of direct democracy International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. The Progressive Era was the most transformational time in the history of American Politics. In 1911, the state legislature was called upon to choose a new United States Senator. By providing your information to FreedomWorks, you agree to receive email updates and text messages from FreedomWorks and its partners in freedom. WebThe Progressive Movement was an early-20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunity, and to correct injustices in American life. (Danzer R54). WebEXAM 2 NOTES. Perspective on Direct Democracy: Who Directs Direct Democracy? Akela Lacy. Both incorrectly report that the bill went to the people by legislative default. For example, voters in counties that broadly supported the DLL's Measure 13 would be expected not to support the utility companies' sham initiative, Measure 4. c. the 17th Amendment was passed For instance, Cronin reports incorrectly that after several failed attempts, initiative petition in Colorado granted the vote to women. Cronin, Thomas, Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall (Cambridge, Mass., 1989), 97CrossRefGoogle Scholar. a. the FDA was created As Lonsdale writes: The Federation obtained affidavits from many whose names appeared on the petition stating that they had never seen the petition. answer choices It provided the people the ability to directly vote for U.S. senators. Is the singer Avant and R Kelly brothers? The ballot title of Measure 19 stated: AN ACT TO REGULATE AND LIMIT THE HOURS OF EMPLOYMENT IN UNDERGROUND MINES, SMELTERS, MILLS AND COKE OVENS; TO DECLARE CERTAIN EMPLOYMENT INJURIOUS TO THE HEALTH AND DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND LIMB. Even more cryptically, the popular referendum, Measure 21, read: HOUSE BILL NO. This authority arguably conflicted with Measure 23, which vested custody over all public funds in the state treasurer. 22 Feb. 2023 . b. sweeping voting reforms Voters had no way of knowing, from their ballot, what those sections contained. Published online by Cambridge University Press: c. that the government was interested in environmental issues adoption in all states of the initiative referendum and recall it also advocated woman suffrage workmen s 2007. Musselman claims that Roosevelt was equivocal, at best, in his support of the direct legislation measure. Business Men in Public War over Utilities Bill, Denver Post, 10 October 1912. WebPositive Progress Counseling, Clinical Social Work/Therapist, Cape Coral, FL, 33904, (239) 431-3653, Now Accepting New Clients. Progressives believed that politicians were often afraid to introduce some types of legislation because it could be unpopular and prevent their reelection. WebThe Era of Reconstruction, 18651877; Go West Young Man! However, the date of retrieval is often important. Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 66; The Eight-Hour Laws. Rocky Mountain News, 24 10 1912Google Scholar. With the popular referendum, citizens petition their legislatures to place a disputed legislative action on the ballot for the voters to reconsider. SMITH, DANIEL A. WebCh 17 The Progressive Era Test Answers Pdf When somebody should go to the ebook stores, search instigation by shop, shelf by shelf, it is really problematic. WebAnti-Trust Regulation - Progressives sought more fairness in the capitalist economy and thought that if businesses became too big and powerful (trusts or monopolies), then they could exploit consumers and workers and drive out small businesses. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/referendum-0, "referendum Since the Progressive Era, many scholars have expressed deep reservations over the ability of citizens to vote on ballot measures that support their core beliefs and attitudes. Schmidt, who does not mention his 1910 visit to Colorado, cites Roosevelt's 1912 Charter of Democracy speech as his first explicit advocacy of direct-democracy reforms. See Garrett, Elizabeth, Perspective on Direct Democracy: Who Directs Direct Democracy? University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 4 (1997): 1736Google Scholar; Smith, Daniel A., Tax Crusaders and the Politics of Direct Democracy (New York, 1998)Google Scholar; idem, Reevaluating the Causes of Proposition 13, Social Science History 23:2 (Summer 1999): 173210; idem, Campaign Financing of Ballot Initiatives in the American States, in Larry Sabato, Bruce Larson, and Howard Ernst, eds., Dangerous Democracy? University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, Tax Crusaders and the Politics of Direct Democracy, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures Submitted to the Electors of Colorado Under the Initiative and Referendum Amendment and by the 18th General Assembly, Mill & Mine: The C.F. WebOn December 13, 2001, President Bush announced the withdrawal of the United States from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, a bedrock of U.S.Soviet nuclear stability during the Cold War era. 59. Thus, the intellectual foundation was laid for unlimited taxing powers and ever-expanding bureaucracies. Shafroth was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as a Republican in 1894 and then as a Silver Republican for two more terms (1896 and 1898). In general, Hegel believed a knowledgeable and intelligent government guided by Christianity advanced civilization. diss., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1963), 332334Google Scholar. In passing, Schrag does allude to that very same Southern Pacific Railroad in his list of interests, but his point of reference is not the Progressive Era, but a successful June 1990 railway bond project (Proposition 116), which Southern Pacific supported with $500,000 in contributions. Akela Lacy. The term mythic narrative is borrowed from Ellis, Richard, Democratic Delusions: The Initiative Process in America (Lawrence, Kan., 2002), 177Google Scholar. In actuality, women in Colorado gained the right to vote after male voters in November 1893 passed a constitutional amendment referendum placed on the ballot by the state legislature. 26. a. how committed the government was to women's suffrage There are several other inaccuracies in works concerning the adoption of public policies in Colorado via the initiative. In August 1912, a Denver district judge, Harry Riddle, agreed with the plaintiffs, and it looked as though Coloradoans would still be without the initiative and referendum. Political events that led to Oklahoma statehood mirrored the broader goals, concerns, and reforms of the so-called progressive era (19001916). Colorado Secretary of State, State of Colorado: Roster of Elected Officers and Tabulated Statement of the Votes Cast for the Several Candidates, Tuesday, November 8, A.D. 1910 (Denver, 1911)Google Scholar. 12. If the referendum question gains enough yes votes, then it passes. WebInitiative, referendum, and recall. It is not pleasant. Unfortunately, most of the DLL's records from Colorado are not available. d. the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, Which of the following occurred as a result of the Sherman Antitrust Act? b. The Denver Republican called the leaders of the DLL a bunch of professional reformers and agitators. The Colorado Stock Growers Association and the Humane Society separately assailed Lindsey and his pet initiative, the successful mother's compensation act. Moreover, higher education is incredibly expensive, and college debt is staggering. Griswold's history of the Moffat Road, written sixty-eight years after McMechen's 1927 study, draws heavily from his predecessor's work. California, Oregon, and several other states had parallel partisan experiences during this period. Unfortunately, few accounts exist concerning the electioneering of these and other measures. 74. What is error code E01-5 on Toyota forklift. In 1913, the DLL, as well as some Democratic members of the House, circulated a petition for an initiative on the 1914 ballot that would have dissolved the state Senate. and d. laws were enacted that banned private companies from discriminating when hiring, government regulations requiring the inspection of food products were implemented, Which groups were most influential in passing the Pure Food and Drug Act? See Initiative and Referendum Held Valid, Denver Post, 24 September 1912. d. were yellow journalists, helped expose social injustices and corruption, What constitutional amendment created income tax? See Knautz, Harlan, The Colorado Progressive Party of 1912 (M.A. c. the Republican votes were split allowing Wilson to win the majority of the electoral votes In his remarkable career as a Denver judge and social reformer, Lindsey was harassed by the Ku Klux Klan, disbarred in Colorado in 1929 (and later reinstated in 1935), and eventually moved to California to practice law. The people believe that the Empire was good, but flawed in ways. b. the growing political influence of women "Referendum } b. exposed corrupt political machines 43. "useRatesEcommerce": false A recall occurs when citizens decide that they would like to vote an official out of office before his or her term has ended. It was pivitol to the evolution of the progressive politics, and "referendum 71. On the actual 1914 ballot, however, only the proposed sections of the law to be repealed were listed. The next post in this series will examine the great expansion of the federal government from FDR to LBJ to President Obama and many more Progressives. (Boulder, 1976), 205Google Scholar; Schmidt, Citizen Lawmakers, 1520. As evidence, they submit the popular adoption of numerous progressive reforms during the 1910s, such as the direct primary, women's suffrage, prohibition, the abolition of the poll tax, home rule for cities and towns, eighthour workdays for women and miners, and the regulation of public utility and railroad monopolies. c. politicians campaigning for education reform Reformers have frequently advocated a national referendum procedure. These three moves gave more power to the citizen voting population. These early results contradict the established finding that compulsory referendums placed on the ballot by state legislatures are historically much more likely to pass than initiatives and popular referendums. Tolbert, Caroline Senator Thomas Patterson, a civic reformer. The description above best matches WebFor charters adopted after July 1, 1973, any amendment of those provisions would be subject to the procedures in section 166.031, Florida Statutes, which includes a requirement that a By providing your information to FreedomWorks, you agree to receive email updates and up to 9 text messages per month from FreedomWorks. Colorado State Archives, The Governor John F. Shafroth Collection. . While in line with recent studies showing that voter fatigue is more prevalent among legislative referendums than initiatives, the average ballot roll-off on the thirty-two measures in the 1912 election was nevertheless quite striking. Although all states did not implement these reforms and they were never adopted at the federal level, they have been used in many states over the years to institute reforms that Answer these questions about the lines of "A Psalm of Life. WebDownload The Initiative And Referendum In California 1898 1998 full books in PDF, epub, seeing it as a typical example of the disconnected nature of progressive era reforms. -Created social programs The Progressive philosophys roots go back to, at least, Hegel during the early 19th Century in Prussia. b. favored expansionary policy d. 18th Amendment, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Donald Kagan, Frank M. Turner, Steven Ozment, American Revolution Extra Credit Study Guide. b. government regulations requiring the inspection of food products were implemented Lonsdale, David, The Movement for an Eight-Hour Law in Colorado, 18931913 (Ph.D. In effect, the law only covered one-fifth of all underground workers. Western Federation of Miners, Official Proceedings, 40910. The political and social changes which occurred during this time were a direct response to the corruption and the greed displayed by powerful Robber Barons and tycoons during the Gilded Age. ", more control of the government by the people, Created in 1913, the Federal Reserve requires, banks to keep a % of every deposit as a reserve, The creation of the National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service illustrates, that the federal government supported the conservation of resources, The 1848 meeting at Seneca Falls, New York, The Progressive goal to implement women's suffrage was accomplished by-, The creation of initiative, referendum, and recall procedures during the Progressive Era resulted in-, the expansion of citizens' direct participation in the democratic process. 40. 1866-1945. 52. 4. On average, 38 percent of those who cast votes for President voted on the twenty initiatives on the ballot; 33 percent voted on the six compulsory referendums; and only 30 percent voted on the six popular referendums. How voters on election day interpreted the intent of these measures, much less understood what a yes or no vote meant on the aforesaid popular referendum, is impossible to determine. The Progressive Era. 45. See Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 73, 75, 8384; Vote for Eighteen of the Proposed Measures, Cast Your Vote Against Fourteen of the Bills, Denver Post, 30 October 1912. This guaranteed that more companies could get involved in various industries, instead of just a handful of individuals controlling the production and sale of much-needed materials. The Oxford Pocket Dictionary of Current English, Encyclopedia of the American Constitution, Delegation of Powers Encyclopedia.com. In fact, Southern Pacific (now Union Pacific Railroad) was involved in numerous California ballot campaigns, from an unsuccessful 1911 legislative referendum that would have allowed public officials to ride for free on trains, to a successful 1948 statutory initiative that required the public Utilities Commission to specify the number of brakemen on trains. Ballot Initiatives, State Policies, and Public Opinion, Preferences, Fiscal Policies, and the Initiative Process, Response to Matsusaka: Estimating the Effect of Ballot Initiatives on Policy Responsiveness, www.archives.state.co.us/govs/shafroth.html, http://bluebook.state.or.us/state/elections/elections12.htm, www.archives.state.co.us/govs/eammons.html. Routing number of commercial bank of Ethiopia? d. limit the use of judicial review by circuit courts, promote the principle of direct democracy, Which of these was a major goal of Jane Addams' Settlement House movement in Chicago? See also Arthur Lupia, Dumber than Chimps? Measure 9 sought to excise two sections from the 1913 law, while Measure 13 sought to repeal three sections, effectively repealing the entire law. An Assessment of Direct Democracy Voters, in Sabato, Ernst, and Larson, eds., Dangerous Democracy? a system of separate schools for new immigrants b. the expansion of citizens' ObamaCare stifles employment. All the progressives ask or desire is permissionin an era when development, evolution, is the scientific wordto interpret the Constitution according to the Darwinian principle. a. federal troops were mobilized to break strikes by labor unions Young people are having difficulties obtaining work. Make an impact in your community by becoming a Freedom Team member! -Upton Sinclair In reporting the figures, we have done our best to cross-reference the official results of all thirty-two measures. As such, Speer allied himself with his party adversary in the hopes of getting enough votes to be chosen as senator. Webprogressive movement. 65. Total loading time: 0 WebThe initiative and referendum process enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed statutes and, in some states, constitutional amendments on the ballot. Marschall, Melissa J. The increased taxing power creates more government spending, which is used by federal politicians to curry favor with voters. In fact, Coloradoans approved a constitutional amendment ballot initiative (Measure 9) in 1912 that permitted the recall of public officials. It granted state governments the power to appoint U.S. senators. Police unions have rallied around Missouri Senate Bill 78, which would reinstate a Civil War-era system of state oversight. b. the 16th Amendment was passed The final vote tally was 88,948 votes (75.4 percent) in favor of the constitutional amendment and 29,098 votes (24.6 percent) against the referendum. They also included state-printed secret ballots, direct Unfortunately, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era was just the beginning. an era of intense social and political reform aimed at making progress toward a better society. ." 39. Police unions have rallied around Missouri Senate Bill 78, which would reinstate a Civil War-era system of state oversight. accommodate, reach a new balance with, or fight against life, Guide to American Independence Day (Fourth of July). His progressive vision of a better society became the stepping-off point for Californias journey through the 20th century. Interpretations of Roosevelt's speech at the special session vary. Tolbert, Caroline J. Knights of Columbus, Masons, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Loyal Order of Moose), where people were self-sufficient and voluntarily formed institutions to better themselves and their communities, because of the Progressive movement, but today our country is suffering from the unintended consequences of this Progressive Era. Following his two terms as governor, Shafroth was elected to the U.S. Senate as a Democrat in 1912. Despite the tireless efforts of M. Dane Waters and the Initiative and Referendum Institute, much work remains simply to provide a full and accurate account of the ballot titles and texts of all the measures approved and rejected by citizens during the Progressive Era. hasContentIssue true. Finally, Measure 26 sought to restrict the rights of reservoir owners to impound water in their reservoirs. 48. Colorado Bar Association, Analysis of Thirty-Two Measures, 46. Although Pearce agreed that many of the signatures were indeed forgeries, he insisted that he was powerless to do anything because the 1910 law gave no remedy for fake signatures on petitions. Miners' Magazine, vol. Women's Work Reform -Key was to limit number of work hours.
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