Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. This included both agricultural and hunting land. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b However, the date of retrieval is often important. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Socialization. 3 vols. More The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. Army membership has also supplied a distinct, if largely negative, socializing influence on many Acholi young men. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. Social Control. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries. Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. million first language speakers at the time. In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. L. No. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. B. K. (1994). deaths. The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. Bor Lango Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. 23 Feb. 2023 . "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Pre-colonial Phase." The documentary focused on the unofficial discourse of the LRA war and it was largely critical of the Ugandan government role in the LRA war. represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. in Acholi since the mid-1980s) have led to a breakdown of any meaningful Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Since independence, a relatively few Acholi army officers have managed to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Shilluk Acholi population. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. B. Webster, eds. The council's representatives could mediate issues between clans, and essentially covered both civil and criminal functions, like a Supreme Court. Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. southern parts of the country. Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) Social Organization. Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. Even in this . "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. 1679-1914." Retrieved February 23, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Organizational politics are informal, unofficial, and sometimes behind-the-scenes efforts to sell ideas, influence an organization, increase power, or achieve other targeted objectives (Brandon & Seldman, 2004; Hochwarter, Witt, & Kacmar, 2000). University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars - The University of Bradford Open Access repository. ." The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Political Organization. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Domestic Unit. As some of these languages show some form At its peak in 2005 over These rebellions sprung up in defiance and from disapproval of the conduct and legitimacy of the new NRA government. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . Dwyer, John O. - CORE Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. their clans, giving them the ability to accumulate wealth and power beyond their rights to land Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, Orientation (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. environment and larger distances between settlements kept the hierarchical structures In . Under Ugandan Pres. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Political Organization. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. Rwot, 'ruler'). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards Identification. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Occasional Paper no. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. In Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change, edited by Holger B. Hansen and Michael Twaddle, 162-177. southern part of the country relatively young. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. against the central government. ETHNONYMS: Balumbila, Batoka, Batonga, Bawe, Toka The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. ." Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. find its conclusion until the 19th century. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. With colonial rule Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". social control in the area. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Large, dry-season hunts were an important part of the precolonial economy; these gradually decreased in significance as the varied roster of both large and small game animals dwindled over the twentieth century. census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything the northern regions, this relationship changed. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Due to its central location and the close Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. Organizational Politics. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. . in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. Death and Afterlife. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few (1936). The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. Figure 5. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. "Acholi These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. the hands of Arabs, this prompted Acholi not to accept any foreigners on their land any London: James Currey. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. It is "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. [CDATA[ He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system.
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