caribbean population in south florida

Figure 3. Annual Remittances Data, December 2018 update. Maps of the Foreign Born in the United States. 2020. Available online. Note: The sum of shares by type of insurance is likely to be greater than 100 because people may have more than one type of insurance.Source: MPI tabulation of data from the U.S. Census Bureau 2017 ACS. [17] Floribbean cuisine is a fusion cuisine which developed in South Florida, drawing influence from Floridian, Caribbean, Asian and Latin American cuisines. 2021.International Students: All Places of Origin. [7] Available online. Some Haitian immigrants who have been in the United States since a massive 2010 earthquake devastated Haiti were granted Temporary Protected Status (TPS) to remain in the United States. Click here for an interactive chart showing changes in the number of immigrants from the Caribbean in the United States over time. In a 2020 report by the nonprofit Migration Policy Institute they estimates there are at least 336,000 members of the Jamaican diaspora community in Florida with most of them concentrated in South Florida. 2006. The Dominican Republic received more than half (55 percent) of all remittances sent to the Caribbean, followed by Haiti (21 percent) and Jamaica (20 percent). 81, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, February 2006. Available online. United Nations Population Division. The eruptions displaced nearly 20% of the population and prompted the United . 81, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, February 2006), available online. The Migration Policy Institute (MPI) estimates that as of 2012-16, approximately 351,000 (3 percent) of the estimated 11.3 million unauthorized immigrants in the United States were from the Caribbean. Accessed February 1, 2019. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), 8,140 unauthorized Caribbean immigrants were active participants of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which provides temporary deportation relief and work authorization. Close to 90 percent of immigrants in the United States from the 13 Caribbean countries and 17 dependent territories come from one of four countries: Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Haiti. For example, about 50,000 moved to New York; but more than 50,000 people moved from New York to Florida.[25]. In total, the proposed State of South Florida would have included 24 counties.[21][22][23]. Globally, approximately 9.1 million migrants from the Caribbean reside outside their countries of birth, according to mid-2020 estimates by the United Nations Population Division. Migration Information Source, July 6, 2017. The population of Florida reached 19.7 million in 2014 and exceeded New York's residents for the first time in history. From 2000, the population increased 26 percent, to 3.7 million, in 2010, and grew another 18 percent, to 4.4 million, in 2017. . Figure 1. Approximately 4.5 million Caribbean immigrants resided in the United States in 2019, representing 10 percent of the nations 44.9 million total foreign-born population. antillarum in the Florida Keys 25 years after the Caribbean mass mortality" in Proc. She holds a bachelor's degree in international affairs from Marquette University. About two-thirds of immigrants from Jamaica (66 percent) and Trinidad and Tobago (65 percent) were covered by private insurance, while sizable shares of those from Cuba (41 percent) and the Dominican Republic (49 percent) had public coverage. The Caribbean is the most common region of birth for the 4.5 million Black immigrants in the United States, accounting for 46 percent of the total. [2] Confusing the matter further, the University of South Florida, named in part because of its status as the state's southernmost public university at the time of its 1957 founding, is located in Tampa. 202-266-1900. They live in brackish or saltwater areas, and can be found in ponds, coves, and creeks in mangrove swamps. Population Density per square mile of each Florida Census Tract as of the 2020 United States Census, Learn how and when to remove this template message, League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), "Historical Population Change Data (19102020)", "The States With The Oldest And Youngest Residents", "B03002 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE - Florida - 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates", https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf, "Natality, 2016-2020 expanded Results Data current as of 2020", "The Status of English Language Learners in Florida: Trends and Prospects", "League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) et al. (Photo: maisa_nyc/Flickr). South Florida Caribbean News www.sflcn.com. As an academic medical center, we are proud to serve South Florida, Latin America and the Caribbean. Florida residents' current religious affiliations are shown in the table below:[23], There were 1.6 million veterans in Florida in 2010, representing 8% of the total population. Figure 4. Note: Socioeconomic characteristics (based on ACS data) are available only for immigrants from the Caribbean overall and those from Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago due to sample size considerations. The United States is by far the top destination for Caribbean emigrants outside of the region, followed by Canada (405,000), Spain (294,000), and the United Kingdom (232,000), according to mid-2017 estimates by the United Nations Population Division. The Biden administration took a different course: On May 22, 2021, it announced a new 18-month designation, citing turbulent conditions in Haiti. As evidenced by the 2020 United States presidential election, supporters of the Democratic Party are mostly concentrated in urban areas, as well as areas to the west of and including downtown Key West, rural communities surrounding Immokalee, and the areas surrounding Belle Glade, while supporters of the Republican Party reside in the most costal regions of the Miami area north of Pompano Beach, most of the Everglades, most of the regions between Port St. Lucie and Riviera Beach, Southwest Florida, and a supermajority of the region's inland and rural areas.[6]. Even though Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen announced the termination of TPS for Haitians in July 2019, citing improved livelihood in Haiti, the decision was enjoined by a U.S. district court pending the outcome of the legal challenge. [14] This tracks with South Florida's demographics, and Lamme and Oldakowski's findings parallel Barney Warf and Cynthia Waddell's research on Florida's political geography during the 2000 Presidential election. Miami-Dade County in Florida was home to 862,000 Caribbean immigrants, the highest among all U.S. counties, followed by much smaller numbers in Kings County (291,000) and Bronx County (277,000) in New York, and Broward County (265,000) in Florida. This provision was adopted in 1988 by a vote following an Initiative Petition. Most immigrants from the Dominican Republic (78 percent), Trinidad and Tobago (77 percent), and Jamaica and Haiti (76 percent each) were of working age, while more than one-quarter (27 percent) of Cuban immigrants were seniors (ages 65 and older). 2021. 2011. Tamir, Christine and Monica Anderson. Click herefor two interactive data tools showing MPI estimates of DACA-eligible unauthorized immigrant populations for top states and counties and by national origin. Caribbean immigrants participate in the U.S. civilian labor force at the same rate as the overall foreign-born population and at a higher rate than the U.S. born. Glaucoma screening in the Haitian Afro-Caribbean population of South Florida PLoS One. Table 2. Cubans and Haitians have received particular designations under U.S. immigration law, with Cubans uniquely preferenced. Figure 5. Immigrants are an integral part of the Florida workforce in a range of occupations. Of note: Florida's Black immigrant population saw 81% growth from 2000 to 2019 with the addition of 350,000 people. U.S. Policy Differences for Cuban and Haitian Migrants. Employed Workers in the Civilian Labor Force (ages 16 and older) by Occupation and Origin, 2017. Caribbean immigrants are slightly more likely to be proficient in English than the overall foreign-born population. Civilian Labor Force (ages 16 and older) by Occupation and Origin, 2019. Visit the MPI Data Hub collection of interactive remittances tools, Dominican Immigrants in the United States, Rebuilding Self and Country: Deportee Reintegration in Jamaica, Cuban Migration: A Postrevolution Exodus Ebbs and Flows, United States Abandons its Harder Line on Haitian Migrants in the Face of Latest Natural Disaster, Normalization of Relations with Cuba May Portend Changes to U.S. Immigration Policy, Select Diaspora Populations in the United States, A Demographic Profile of Black Caribbean Immigrants in the United States. Additionally, while there was little geographical variation for most styles of music, there was regional variation for both country and Latin music. 2018. Source: Migration Policy Institute (MPI) tabulation of data from the U.S. Census Bureau 2019 ACS. Haitian Immigrant Population in the United States, 1980-2018 Caribbean Immigrants and All Immigrants in the United States by Period of Arrival, 2019. Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America, 3. In 2017, approximately 44 percent of Caribbean immigrants (ages 5 and over) reported limited English proficiency, versus 48 percent of all immigrants. Health Insurance Coverage for Caribbean Immigrants, All Immigrants, and the U.S. Born, 2019. 2018. The state has some federally recognized Native American tribes, such as the Seminoles in the southeastern part of the state. In 2017, households headed by a Caribbean immigrant had a median income of $47,000, compared to $56,700 and $60,800 for all immigrant and U.S.-born households, respectively. Click herefor an interactive map that shows the geographic distribution of immigrants by state and county. 2022. One in five residents in the state was born in another country. While the Caribbean immigrant population tripled in size between 1980 and 2010, its growth rate had declined by 2019 (see Figure 1). Top Metropolitan Areas of Residence for Caribbean Immigrants in the United States, 2013-17. It includes Monroe County (the Keys) and the three metropolitan counties of Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach, as well as the three "Treasure Coast" counties of Indian River, St. Lucie, and Martin to the north.[5]. 2.7 million immigrant workers comprised 26 percent of the labor force in 2018. Jeanne Batalova is a Senior Policy Analyst and Manager of the Migration Data Hub. Country was significantly less popular in South Florida than in North or Central Florida, while Latin was more popular than in the other regions. "The way that we even conceptualize the Black church is changing," she said. The U.S. Census Bureau defines theforeign born as individuals who had no U.S. citizenship at birth. Among the largest Caribbean immigrant-origin groups, those from Trinidad and Tobago had the lowest rate of being uninsured (10 percent) in 2019, while those from Cuba and Haiti had the highest rates (18 percent and 17 percent, respectively). 2020 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics. Income and Poverty [7] By ethnicity, 26.1% of the total population is Hispanic-Latino (of any race) and 73.9% is Non-Hispanic (of any race). For the metropolitan area made up by the population centers of Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties, see, Geographic and cultural region in Florida, United States, A list of cities under 10,000 is available. Most immigrants from the Dominican Republic (77 percent), Haiti (76 percent), and Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica (75 percent each) were of working age, while more than one-quarter (28 percent) of Cuban immigrants were seniors (ages 65 and older). Compared to the more diversified economy in North Florida, tourism is by far the most significant industry in South and Central Florida, with a much smaller but vibrant agricultural industry. Unlike Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern American, and Northeast American dialects, the "Miami accent" is rhotic; it also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish (wherein rhythm is syllable-timed). 81, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, February 2006),available online. Figure 1. The greater New York and Miami metropolitan areas were the U.S. cities with the most Caribbean immigrants. Pew reports that nearly half of the country's foreignborn Black population - 46% - was birthed in the Caribbean. Dominicans were the most likely to be in poverty (22 percent). The Foreign Born from Latin America and the Caribbean: 2010. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau (the most recent 2017 American Community Survey [ACS] as well as pooled 201317 ACS data) and the Department of Homeland Securitys Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, this Spotlight provides information on the Caribbean population in the United States, focusing on its size, geographic distribution, and socioeconomic characteristics. 2011. U.S. Available online. Source: Analysis of the U.S. Census Bureaus 2018 American Community Survey 1-year PUMS data by the American Immigration Council. At the beginning of the 15th century the population of the Caribbean was estimated to be nearly 900,000 indigenous people immediately before European contact. There have been distinct push and pull factors for nationals of the Caribbean, given that the United States previously exercised direct political control over most Caribbean nations, with the notable exception of Jamaica. 2018. Covering an area of 13,878 sq. Click here for demographic profiles of the unauthorized immigrant population in the United States at national, state, and top county levels. About 28-29 percent of immigrants from the Dominican Republic and Cuba are recent arrivals (2010 or later). Largest cities in South Florida by population: The Miami accent is a regional accent of the American English dialect spoken in South Florida, particularly in Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, and Monroe counties. 2001. In total, 26.64% of Florida's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English. Remittances sent to the Caribbean have grown steady since 1990 despite a small decline after the 2007-09 Great Recession. The 1966 Cuban Adjustment Act provided Cubans admitted or paroled into the United States a direct pathway to legal permanent residence after just one yearthe only fast-track designation of its type for a particular national origin. In 2020, remittances originating around the world and sent via formal channels to the region equaled $15.1 billion, up 7 percent from $14.1 billion in 2019. Figure 3. As of October 12, 2017, there was a maximum of 58,557 Haitians who had TPS. Distribution of Caribbean Americans Total population 13 million (about 4% of total U.S. population) Regions with significant populations Mainly in the metropolitan area of New York and Miami, to a lesser degree Orlando, Tampa, Boston, Philadelphia, Washington and Atlanta, among others. Want to learn more about immigrants to the United States from Mexico, India, Canada, or many other countries? South Florida is politically diverse, with multiple congressional districts in the region supporting both the Democratic and Republican parties. Figure 8. Following the 1959 Cuban Revolution, an estimated 1.4 million people fled to the United States. Count of Active DACA Recipients by Month of Current DACA Expiration as of December 31, 2021. The accent was born in central Miami, but has expanded to the rest of South Florida in the decades since the 1960s. They live in coastal areas throughout the Caribbean, and occur at the northern end of their range in south Florida. The U.S. government estimated that 155,000 Haitians already in the United States may be eligible for TPS under this new designation (which is open to Haitians covered under the previous designation). More. Foner, Nancy. In the early 1900s, U.S. firms employed Caribbean workers to help build the Panama Canal, and many of these migrants later settled in New York. Family-sponsoredpreferences include adult children and siblings of U.S. citizens as well as spouses and children of green-card holders. [17], The Anthony J. Catanese Center for Urban and Environmental Solutions at Florida Atlantic University notes the unusual growth pattern of South Florida. Available online. N.d. International Migrant Stock by Destination and Origin. Flag. 202-266-1900, IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS ABOUT THIS ARTICLE, CONTACT US AT, Pauline Endres de Oliveira and Nikolas Feith Tan, National Center on Immigrant Integration Policy, Latin America & Caribbean Migration Portal, Illegal Immigration & Interior Enforcement. Caribbean immigrants, on average, have similar patterns of arrival as the overall foreign-born population. Age Distribution of the U.S. Population by Origin, 2019. Select individual Caribbean countries from the dropdown menu. Click here for a map showing state and counties where unauthorized immigrants from select countries of origin reside in the United States. Get the latest from the American Immigration Council in your inbox. Note: The 2018 figure represents World Bank estimates. Caribbean immigrants were more likely to be naturalized U.S. citizens than the overall foreign-born population (63 percent and 52 percent, respectively). [24], In 2013, most net migrants come from 1) New York, 2) New Jersey, 3) Pennsylvania, and 4) the Midwestern United States; emigration is higher from these same states. Migration Information Source, May 25, 2022. Remittances sent to the Caribbean have grown steadily since 1990 despite a small decline after the 2007-09 Great Recession. Lauderhill has a high foreign-born population from the West Indies. Population (up 7.4% to 331.4 million). Whereas the first major migration of immigrants from Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and other Caribbean nations was comprised mostly of the members of the elite and skilled professionals, the subsequent flows consisted chiefly of their family members and working-class individuals. The foreign-born population includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents, refugees and asylees, legal nonimmigrants (including those on student, work, or other temporary visas), and persons residing in the country without authorization. Caribbean immigrants are much more likely to be insured than the overall foreign-born population. Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-Born Population of the United States: 1850 to 1990. Available online. 706-710. . Its ethnic Asian population has grown rapidly since the late 1990s; the majority are South Asians, Filipinos, Vietnamese, ethnic Chinese. Florida was home to 2.2 million women, 2 million men, and 247,316 children who were immigrants. 1275 K St. NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20005 ph. (See note below Figure 9 for data limitations.). Copyright American Immigration Council. Acosta, Yesenia and Patricia de la Cruz. Copyright 2001-2023 Migration Policy Institute. The state has the highest percentage of over 65-year-old individuals (17%) in the United States. In the past few decades, natural disasters and deteriorating political and economic conditions have caused significant devastation and displacement, driving more migrants, from Cuba and Haiti in particular, to seek routes to the United States by land, sea, and air. Immigrant workers were most numerous in the following industries: The largest shares of immigrant workers were in the following industries: In 2018, immigrant workers were most numerous in the following occupation groups: The largest shares of immigrant workers were in the following occupation groups: Undocumented immigrants comprised 6 percent of Floridas workforce in 2016. According to August 2018 data from U.S. Table 1. Compared to the total foreign-born population, Caribbean immigrants are less likely to be Limited English Proficient (LEP), have lower educational attainment and income, and have higher poverty rates. In the 2020-21 school year, about 11,200 Caribbean students were enrolled in U.S. higher educational institutions, representing approximately 1 percent of the 914,100 international students in the United States. More than one in five Florida residents is an immigrant, while one in eight residents are native-born U.S. citizens with at least one immigrant parent. The designation was set to expire in July 2019; legal challenges prevented its termination under the Trump administration. The foreign-born population includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents, refugees and asylees, legal nonimmigrants (including those on student, work, or other temporary visas), and persons residing in the country without authorization. U.S. Access from Steven Ruggles, Sarah Flood, Ronald Goeken, Josiah Grover, Erin Meyer, Jose Pacas, and Matthew Sobek. One-In-Ten Black People in the U.S. Are Immigrants. 60th The current population of Orlando, Florida is 328,354 based on our projections of the latest US Census estimates.The last official US Census in 2020 recorded the population at 307,573. Note:The sum of shares by type of insurance is likely to be greater than 100 because people may have more than one type of insurance.Source:MPI tabulation of data from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2019 ACS. Miami-Dade County in Florida was home to 864,800 Caribbean immigrants, the highest share among all U.S. counties, representing 20 percent of the total Caribbean foreign-born population. Washington, DC: DHS Office of Immigration Statistics. More than one-quarter of immigrants from Trinidad and Tobago (28 percent) and Jamaica (27 percent) held at least a bachelors degree, while nearly one-third (31 percent) from the Dominican Republic did not graduate from high school. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau (the 2019 American Community Survey [ACS], as well as pooled 2015-19 ACS data), the Department of Homeland SecuritysYearbook of Immigration Statistics, and World Bank annual remittances data, this Spotlight provides information on the Caribbean immigrant population in the United States, focusing on its size, geographic distribution, and socioeconomic characteristics. Dominican Immigrants in the United States, Haitian Migration through the Americas: A Decade in the Making, Rise in Maritime Migration to the United States Is a Reminder of Chapters Past, Cuban Migration: A Postrevolution Exodus Ebbs and Flows, Haitis Painful Evolution from Promised Land to Migrant-Sending Nation, A Demographic Profile of Black Caribbean Immigrants in the United States. Interested in the top immigrant populations in your state or metro area? As of 2010[update], 73.36% of Florida residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 19.54% spoke Spanish, 1.84% French Creole (mostly Haitian Creole), 0.60% French and 0.50% Portuguese. All rights reserved. A high demand for labor among U.S. fruit harvesting industries drew additional labor migrants, particularly to Florida. As consumers, immigrants add nearly one-hundred billion dollars to Floridas economy. A Demographic Profile of Black Caribbean Immigrants in the United States. [20][19], In 2014, the City of South Miami passed a resolution in favor of splitting the state in half, with a northern boundary drawn to include the counties of Brevard, Orange, Polk, Hillsborough, and Pinellas (roughly the Tampa Bay and Orlando areas). N.d. 2017 American Community Survey (ACS). Approximately 60 percent of all Caribbean immigrants in the United States lived in these two metro areas. An additional 18,000 residents of the state would satisfy all but the educational requirements for DACA, and fewer than 2,000 would become eligible as they grew older.13F. [14][15] The economy in South Florida is very similar to that in Central Florida. Top Concentrations of Caribbean Immigrants by Metropolitan Area, 2013-17. On average, household incomes of Caribbean immigrants are lower than the overall foreign- and native-born populations. 202-266-1900. Together, immigrants make up more than a quarter of Floridas labor force. Very few immigrants from English-speaking Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago (1 percent each) were LEP, while immigrants from the Dominican Republic (63 percent) and Cuba (62 percent) had much higher LEP shares than all U.S immigrants. Caribbean immigrants were slightly more likely to have public health insurance coverage (40 percent) and less likely to have private coverage than the overall foreign-born population, with 52 percent of Caribbean immigrants having private insurance (see Figure 8). Immigration Pathways of Caribbean Immigrants and All Lawful Permanent Residents in the United States, FY 2020. Click on the bullet points below for more information: In the 201317 period, the majority of immigrants from the Caribbean lived in Florida (41 percent) or New York (26 percent). ---. South florida is home to a strong Caribbean and black community. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS. Available online. Figure 6. Caribbean Immigrants in the United States by Country and Region of Origin, 2019. 2021. On average, most Caribbean immigrants obtain lawful permanent residence in the United States (also known as receiving a green card) through three main channels: qualify as immediate relatives of U.S. citizens, through family-sponsored preferences, or as refugees and asylees. The terms foreign born and immigrant are used interchangeably and refer to those who were born in another country and later migrated to the United States. Click here for demographic profiles of the unauthorized immigrant population in the United States at national, state, and top county levels. FL has the 2nd and 3rd largest Caribbean population in the United States. Florida's center of population (has been in Polk County since the 1960s) was between Frostproof and Fort Meade in 2010. Figure 4. Caribbean immigrants are more likely to be employed in service occupations and production, transportation, and material moving occupations than the other two groups of workers (see Figure 5). Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. "Charting the Course" uses "the term 'Southeast' Florida interchangeably with 'South' Florida" for this region; p. 3. ", Populations of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Area (and rankings), Miami International University of Art & Design, Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science, Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood, Fort LauderdaleHollywood International Airport, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Florida&oldid=1126660276, Proposed states and territories of the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox settlement with no coordinates, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 December 2022, at 15:04. More than 425,000 U.S. citizens in Florida live with at least one family member who is undocumented. Depending on the origin country and period of arrival, immigrants from the Caribbean have varying skill levels, racial composition, language background, and motivations for migration. Fort Lauderdale, FL 33345 Phone: 954-892-5622. . Source: MPI tabulation of data from the U.S. Census Bureau 2019 ACS. Top States of Residence for Caribbean Immigrants in the United States, 2013-17. The state has attracted immigrants, particularly from Latin America. [21][22], Florida residents identify as mostly of various Protestant groups. vations of Diadema mortality in Florida and both Central and South America (10). According to the 2020 census, the racial distributions are as follows; 51.5% Non-Hispanic White, 26.6% of the population are Hispanics or Latino (of any race), 14.5% African American, 4% Native American, and 2.3% Asian, Oriental and other. Individuals born in the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Haiti, and several United Kingdom dependent territories in the Caribbean (Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and Turks and Caicos Islands) are not eligible for the DV 2020 lottery.Source: MPI tabulation of data from Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 2017 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics (Washington, DC: DHS Office of Immigration Statistics, 2018), available online. Immigration Pathways of Caribbean Immigrants and All Immigrants in the United States, 2017. Seventy-three percent of Caribbean immigrants were of working age (18 to 64 years old), compared to 78 percent and 59 percent for the overall immigrant and native-born populations, respectively. The environmental group Clean Ocean Action has joined .

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